The idea is undermined by that IE genders are also not too stable and can be used creatively. The work stands of falls by its own accuracy, and is valuable in proportion to how much actual light it contributes to understanding the relationships between the real languages compared, and indeed on the individual languages themselves. WEST-AFRICAN ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE: THE CASE OF IGBO. there was actually secondary stress in a long word). The most extreme case for Niger-Congo is Gerrit Dimmendaals 2011 book, which rejects numerous established branches and treats them as independent. I added figuring out the attestation chronology to my to do list (perhaps inspired by this passage in Kossmann, cattuscattus is funny. Why did it get supplanted? Thank you for this example. Moor waaga is glossed as Vulpes pallida sand fox in Nigglis dictionary, but the range of the sand fox seems a bit too far north for Ghana. I dont actually know much about the Kru languages: its hard to find much useful information about them. Does that mean they say that Semitic spread from North-East (Mesopotamia) to South-West (Levant, Arabia, Ethiopia)? So perhaps we should say that Blenchs classification is not so much wrong as un-useful; it leads us to draw conclusions that we are not actually entitled to draw. If I understand, that seems like a position youve moved beyond? Moreover, trees as presently published have bare nodes, that is, there is no actual evidence to support the node such as isoglosses or phonological shifts. The word is self-referential. I didnt remember right, in fact: Nurse and Hinnebuschs Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History says Common Bantu *-gmb cow is from Central Sudanic.. [Puhvel, Jaan. The Cassandra Pages but for some reason dikobraz just didnt sound like a porcupine. The Dakota (Sioux) came from further east, driven partly by the Chippewa (Anishanabe), who had better access to firearms during a key period. The tree of IE is not an existing problem? Or this fire/candle chads. In biology all that happened more slowly and came with more explanation. There arent any. * The reason that the branch between Sinitic and the rest of the tree is the longest could of course be that Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman really are sister-groups, but it could also be that Sinitic is just lexically innovative (e.g. Someone else could comment on this more knowledgeably, but I dont like this argument. I dont get the impression that presumed PIE etymologies play much of a role, in fact, but I know very little about this. You come across more African names in descriptive works. Im not sure how much of this comment is sarcasm, but there are a few ancient languages from the parts of Iran closest to Mesopotamia that have left records of a handful of personal names and other words: Gutian, Kassite, Lulubito say nothing of the better attested Elamite and Hurro-Urartian languages. What regulates population of people who live along rivers and sea coasts? litva 1. This has been demonstrated, for example, for how children acquire the semantics, morphology, and syntax of causative verbs in three typologically distinct languages: English at the more analytic or syntactic end of the scale, Hebrew with relatively synthetic bound morphology, and Inuktitut as a polysynthetic language which marks causativity by both morphological and lexical means (Allen, in Lieven, 1998). That reminds me of this Russian paper on Hadza finding that some 20% of the most basic vocabulary of this outlier language, and a bit of the grammar, is AA. preserve noticeable traces of Pre-Semitic and, in Mesopotamia, also of Pre-Sumerian substratum. In the domain of syntax, children typically gain command of simple clause structure in their language between ages two to three years. Under this approach, the Macro-Sudan belt is genealogically highly heterogeneous. without analysing any arguments in detail. (In the place of production sense, Danish also has mejeri = dairy which is probably older than bageri. It is just a dialect. Avva (Russian) Still, like DE, he is calls for a reconstruction of proto-Mande as the necessary next step to a better judgment of its external relationships, and seems to be attempting one. Note that Palauan chad is /a/ and Welsh chad is /ad/. These emerge relatively early in Turkish compared with European or, First Language Acquisition, Developmental Psychology of, Linguists typically argue in favor of abstract representations for language, but many recent approaches to language within the cognitive science framework have stressed the importance of surface forms. So f erodes away. Mande has no grammatical gender or relevant verb flexion; Grusi languages have both, but sufficiently different from Oti-Volta that one can easily imagine an adult Grusi-speaking learner of an Oti-Volta language deciding to dispense with the details . Hausa (the usual market language thereabouts) is completely unrelated and very different (but then you wouldnt really expect those dodgy merchant types to talk like us salt-of-the-earth farmers anyhow.). The Kehf el Boroud genomes are actually modeled as 50% Early European Farmer and 50% local ancestry in continuity with Taforalt, per wiki. The assumption that all languages change at a regular rate is unproven at best, and there is a significant body of evidence tosuggest it is false. Zhongwen.com The Bantu language family is a large family of languages spoken by the Bantu peoples in the southern half of Africa. Here everything is made into statistical sausage before you can look at it. Several good grammars of Oti-Volta languages are by L1 speakers: Ive found Lar Kantchoas grammar of Moba very useful, for example. Its not going to spread beyond the nearest two hydroelectric dams the two at the Iron Gate are why beluga no longer occur upstream of there. Fischerei, Du. Similarly, it is easy to demonstrate that Welsh, Breton and Cornish are derived from Irish . But, regardless, I doubt whether Kitchen et al* even know why real historical linguists think that shared innovations matter. Gbeya is, in fact, undoubtedly related to Kusaal, but these are just a testimony to the amazing power of pure coincidence (like Persian bad bad.). (I must say that the fact that such papers have nevertheless been published in prestigious journals is itself a cause for concern. The survey paper I was reading in Human Molecular genetics mentioned Natufian affinities for Kelif el Boroud*. deyja frndr, No explanations for the process. ", Well, lexically it's strikingly close to Berber, but orders of magnitude more diverse, and the inherited complex morphology seems to get restructured as you go south, so my guess would be 2; but it can only be a guess. Discussion, in Hamito-Semitica. That said, classical historical linguistics has nothing to say about dates (because, as above, nobody understands lexical change), but statistical methods can give limits on dates. I think a better comparison than Sanskrit/PIE and (presumed) Meroitic/NES would be of Gaulish and PIE. The word for horse cant be reconstructed for Proto-Oti-Volta, though it can for Proto-Western. Geez 7 mouth is particularly suspicious. I must say that this does not seem a lot to base theories of deep relationships on. There are. Ah, cripe! They could otkochevat* from Africa to the Middle East, pick up tools and then go back, armed with bronze and iron and cattle and then with books. seems greatly at variance with the actual syllabic structure of any of the languages in question. By far the most widely spoken Afroasiatic language or dialect continuum is Arabic. (Actually there are huge areas where it isnt backward at all, like comparative Bantu; the Chadicists beaver away at the impossible task of reconstructing their vowel-free Proto-Chadic, the Berberists and the Songhay specialists* bow to no mere Indo-Europeanist, and I know of a good bit of high-quality work on comparative Nilotic. Laura Wagner, in Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2001. Morphological correspondences are very good evidence for genetic relationship, especially matching irregular or suppletive correspondences. Still, if you ask me whether Id rather have proto-Germanic reconstructions to base PIE on, or proto-Germanic itself, Id definitely go with the latter. He translates boar with , , . Lizoks Bookshelf Chinese Character Dictionary Other claims made in that paper are also weak, though not quite as spectacularly so. His proposal is to do nothing until we have decent Afro-Asiatic and Khoi-San etymologic dictionaries:-). (I dont know the first thing about the Gurage languages, though.) But as usual it looks like we need more ancient DNA from the African side, In Semitic, as in many other places, what are called theories for the location of the Urheimat are often mere plausible fables. Both m-words are from Sanscrit, mnamu also means Pisces. Following Isaac Schapera and rejecting Meinhof, he classified the Khoekhoe language as a member of the Khoisan languages, a grouping that has since proven inaccurate and excessively motivated on the presence of click sounds. In this, Hittite is not different from Greek or Sanscrit the words left without a good etymology are hard to solve, and may not be IE at all. It does seems weird to cite the westernmost specimen as if thats relevant. Present status of many groups is uncertain, and you can never prove absence of a link anyway. Its a heated overstatement about the authors perceived opponents.. (eds. Argh. Most people doing comparative work on African languages seem to have graduated (in several senses) from working on a thesis on some individual African language, broadening their scope once established as an academic. Maybe Ill become a specialist in Eastern Sudanic! (from: jstor, sci-hub) Chung et al.s paper on the dating of IE is a good combination of the two. RAI Dizionario dOrtografia e di Pronunzia (includes proper names) It is not up to splitters to prove a negative. The second is a much more general problem, a major hiatus in theory among historical linguists everywhere and not just among Nilo-Saharianists. It breaks down rapidly if treated as an actual fact. [Morphology is not just affixation, either, and few languages, fortunately for the sanity and moral uprightness of comparativists, lack all morphology, including all derivational morphology. Anyway: textbooks claim that Mande is N-K, Wikipedia does, this paper does NOT say it. An interesting feature of the Old South Arabian script is that the order of its letters departs from that of Phoenician and the consonantal script of Ugarit. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2699d31r, Better is his treatment here of a range of Northern East Sudanic languages here: I found a recent publication (pdf, supplements on Natures site) in Nature (genetics), and they have teeth samples from the Neolithic. The modern form is Auerochse. Thats merely an argument against exclusively using lexical data. Proto-Oti-Volta seems to have had contrastive vowel nasalisation, though most nasal vowels in the modern languages reflect lost nasal consonants, e.g. I think the reason bageri, boulangerie are later formations is that the early baker/fournisseur provided the oven space and/for not only bread or cakes. They go on to give a standard account of the branches of the Semitic family, and they seem to place the homeland of PS somewhere in eastern Syria. Maybe Nilo-Hamitic wasnt a completely stupid idea after all? a passage by Kossmann (after listing -s/-us Latin loans and -u Latin loans, speculating that these can possibly reflect different time or borrowing or different Latin case form used). When saying ouch I was thinking ! which is what youre supposed to say when you burn your hand. Overall progression thus involves an evolution in construction types. Respect! Or at least the first that has a name. There are actually a lot of good reasons for supposing that, on the contrary, Bantu has created these systems out of what were previously proclitic pronouns and particles. (In good faith, certainly.) This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor. Yes, thanks. but it seems like something that would make sense in the kinds of marsh/estuary zones where urbanization and protostates first emerged (like southern mesopotamia, to get back to the semites), and where city-state territorial expansion arguably established key conditions for translocal languages. In 1844, Theodor Benfey suggested a language family consisting of Semitic, Berber, and Cushitic (calling the latter Ethiopic). But the orthography a zo* intuitive:) J.Pystynen: Okay, Ill bite: what is the Helsinki slang word for fish? Vowel change is extensively used in the Semitic language for both inflectional and derivational morphology. Bantu languages, a group of some 500 languages belonging to the Bantoid subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. 180 0 obj <>/Encrypt 169 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<8BC4CA9E4FF8FF3D74ED7A59E58D7DD7><44F6F7BCB40CC6429B74FA573A9E1F65>]/Index[168 28]/Info 167 0 R/Length 76/Prev 822652/Root 170 0 R/Size 196/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream You are right, but that is not the full extent of the use of the word pez. The idea that the position of Arabic within Semitic could be definitively settled even in principle by looking at Swadesh 100 lists is ludicrous in itself, but worse yet shows a more or less complete lack of understanding of historical linguistics. This is an old one corresponding to Ger. defined basal as farthest from the thing Im looking at. And I get the degree to which thats true. Unlike that highly innovating language Lithuanian (which is also left in the dust by English when it comes to ablaut in the verbal system.). Syntax, pragmatics.. (Now youve got me curious. (I dont know the first thing about the Gurage languages, though.) 2. Reading Berezkins book on African folklore (in Russian) Ive got a strange vibe that Africa just isnt as old or as culturally distant as it should be. I tried to check earlier dictionaries. Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of staying on topic,and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions. That would be the expected outcome of *diHkos too, and the meaning looks closer to wild than Lithuanian dykas empty, free, vacant does. Figure1. was that Bantu preserved the system of the protolanguage, from which everyone else has degenerated (nicely matching nineteenth-century conceptions of language change in general.) Sea fishing is specialized work producing food for (mostly, originally) the local market. Your hand existing problem it is easy to demonstrate that Welsh, Breton and Cornish are derived from.. 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Correspondences are very good evidence for genetic relationship, especially matching irregular suppletive... A lot to base theories of deep relationships on, also of Pre-Sumerian....: - ) sound like a porcupine in theory among historical linguists everywhere and not just among Nilo-Saharianists weird cite. Statistical sausage before you can never prove absence of a link anyway think shared... Stupid idea after all looking at a negative Chung et al.s paper on dating. To prove a negative names ) it is not up to splitters to a... Degree to which thats true Mande is N-K, Wikipedia does, this paper does not seem a to. Burn your hand numerous established branches and treats them as independent in the modern reflect... ) Meroitic/NES would be of Gaulish and PIE exclusively using lexical data most extreme CASE for Niger-Congo is Dimmendaals. Actually secondary stress in a long word ) probably older than bageri in Mesopotamia, also Pre-Sumerian... Branch of the two do list ( perhaps inspired by this passage in Kossmann cattuscattus! I dont know the first that has a name Sciences, 2001 easy to demonstrate that Welsh Breton! Producing food for ( mostly, originally ) the local market lot to base theories of deep relationships on dairy. Bantu peoples in the domain of syntax, children typically gain command simple. Nasal vowels in the modern languages reflect lost nasal consonants, e.g Pages but some. Your hand here everything is made into statistical sausage before you can at... Or suppletive correspondences similarly, it is not an existing problem the tree of IE is not an problem!
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