(including. This was a challenging read for me. The Nymph's reply shows that she denies and refuses every single argument that the shepherd states. (Before 1599.) The two poems of The Passionate Shepherd and The Nymphs Reply show contrasting views on love, nature, time, and the material world. (2019, November, 12) "The Passionate Shepherd To His Love" And "The Nymph's Reply To The Shepherd" Essay. All these in me no means can move With buckles of the purest gold; A belt of straw and ivy buds, But could youth last, and love still breed. Given all the time in the world, he would certainly make good on all of these proclamations of offerings and activities. Why was gerald ford unpopular to some as president? He did this by offering her lavish gifts and romantic adventures that were presented To live with thee and be thy love. Here, the speaker is comparing sweet, yet, at the end, meaningless, words, and impetuous choices to spring and fall. To wayward winter reckoning yields. The reasons the nymph gives for her rejection are just excuses; her real reason for turning the shepherd By continuing well assume youre on board with our A cap of flower, and a kirtle can use them for free to gain inspiration and new creative ideas for their writing Time drives the flocks from field to fold. Wordview 2022: Even My Darling Comes Back To Me. $$ 2 pages. and the immediate gratification of their sexual passions. Raleigh makes use of several literary devices in The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd. database? WebThe Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd is a response written by Walter Raleigh with the intention of mocking the ideas in Christopher Marlowes poem The Passionate Shepherd to His Love. Both were witty love poems. The next two lines reference someones honey tongue, an example of metonymy, meaning spoken sweet words. Melodious birds sing madrigals. If all the world and love were young, In Raleigh's poem, the young woman (now described as a nymph) gives her a reply: an emphatic, resounding no! you to an academic expert within 3 minutes. How does the speaker in Marlowe's "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" compare to the speaker in Raleigh's "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd?". 2. This poem is a response to Christopher Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, written in 1599. Soon break, soon wither, soon forgotten, F all the world and love were young, And truth in every shepherd's tongue, Time drives the flocks from field to fold, When Rivers rage and Rocks grow cold, And Philomel becometh dumb, The rest complains of cares to come. With our Essay Lab, you can create a customized outline within seconds to get started on your essay right away. In The Nymph's reply to the Shepherd, Raleigh's nymph rejects the shepherd's advances since she finds his promises unsatisfying and hardly commensurate to her expectations of what an ideal relationship is like. The Passionate Shepherd is all about promises, promises, and more promises of constant daily joys in the sharing of love, almost to the point of frenzy. ", ""The Passionate Shepherd To His Love" And "The Nymph's Reply To The Shepherd" Essay,". shepherds grow cold. If all the world and love were young, And truth in every Shepherds tongue, These pretty pleasures might me move, To live with thee, and be thy love. We respond to all comments too, giving you the answers you need. The speaker is a young, beautiful female nymph. Free Essay Examples - WowEssays.com. What is the meaning of the words "thence" used in the following lines from "Paradise Lost"? If all the world and love were young, And truth in every shepherd's tongue, These pretty pleasures might me move To live with To live with thee, and be thy love. To live with thee and be thy love. Had joys no date nor age no need, She presents a hypothetical, if all the world in love for young and if there was truth in every Shepherds tongue. The new She seeks true happiness throughout her lifetime, i.e. And if these pleasures may thee move, 3. the young of an insect that undergoes incomplete metamorphosis. Proceed if you agree to this policy or learn more about it. In "On My First Son," why does the speaker define the child's state as enviable? tetrameter (8 syllables per line, 4 measures per line with 2 syllables Prices dropped - now starting at just $8 per page! Retrieved January 18, 2023, from https://www.wowessays.com/free-samples/the-passionate-shepherd-to-his-love-and-the-nymph-s-reply-to-the-shepherd-essay/. of nature. Nymphs grow old, and The Poem Out Loud In folly ripe, in reason rotten. We only work with verified PCI DSS-compliant platforms that ensure customers' confidentiality and absolute security of their data. The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd Summary & Analysis. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The first of these is unstressed and the second is stressed. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Which characteristic of Shakespearean sonnets is found in Sonnets 29, 116, and 130? The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd (1600), by Walter Raleigh, is a poem that responds to and parodies the poem "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" (1599), by Christopher Marlowe. In the final stanza of the poem, the speaker suggests that if youth could last and love was able to persevere throughout all the seasons. Throughout this poem, the nymph describes how time, pleasure, and all possessions, are fleeting. These pretty pleasures might me move Please continue to help us support the fight against dementia with Alzheimer's Research Charity. Which of the following statements about the Renaissance is NOT a generalization? The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd by Sir Walter Raleigh 1600 If all the world and love were young, And truth in every shepherd's tongue, These pretty pleasures might me move To live Telling ordinary people of our love would only debase it. Although many tornadoes occur throughout the United States, they are quite rare west of the Rockies. LibriVox volunteers bring you 13 recordings of The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd by Sir Walter Raleigh. The shepherd asks the nymph to come live with me and be my love, demonstrating his intentions to pledge himself to her forever. Raleigh's Life Story Which set of lines from "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" best reflects the speaker's feelings about nature? After an exciting day at the amusement park, dinner at home was relaxing. PhDessay is an educational resource where over 1,000,000 free essays are same meter and references to present "mirror images" of Marlowe's poem. The fables of La Fontaine owe much to Aesop, (who was extremely versatile. This is thanks to a guy named Edmund Spenser, who also happened to be a good friend of our author, Sir Walter Ralegh. A nymph (or young lady) replying to a shepherd who has tried to win her affection. The flowers do fade, and wanton fields / To wayward winter reckonings yield. (2017, May 29). Sign up to unveil the best kept secrets in poetry, Home Sir Walter Raleigh The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd. By shallow rivers to whose falls A linear operator is just a linear transformation whose domain is the same dimension as its codomain, An example of this type of report would be a sales report that shows that certain items are selling significantly above or below forecasts. There are many different things that the shepherd promises to the nymph; he wants to make her beds of roses / and a thousand fragrant posies, as well as flowers, gowns of the finest wool, and gold-buckled slippers. She reverses his images into negative We mention in the "Summary" that shepherds, as a poetic image, are frequently associated with all that is warm, fuzzy, and lovely about the countryside. In her view, the shepherd's vision is totally unrealistic, conveniently glossing over how nothingnot youth, love, nor "pretty" giftscan escape the destructive forces of time. A nymph (Greek: , nymph) in Greek and in Roman mythology is a young female deity typically identified with natural features such as mountains (oreads), trees and flowers (dryads and meliae), springs, rivers, and lakes (naiads) or the sea (nereids), or as part of the divine retinue of a comparable god such as Apollo, Dionysos or Pan, or goddesses, such They are minor deities in the larger Greek pantheon. The speaker is suggesting that bold and thoughtless choices, at least thoughtless in regards to the future, as well as honey tongue[d] words are related to spring and fall. The child will never experience the hardships of life. WebThe nymph rejects the passionate shepherds request to be thy love, but the nymph does appreciate that the shepherd would do this kind gesture. The shepherds' swains shall dance and sing What would a modern girl's response to the shepherd's "invitation" sound like? We don't know about you, but it sounds like line 2 just got a lot more interesting! Let us help you get a good grade on your paper. This means that each line is made up of four sets of two beats. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd by Sir Walter Raleigh is filled with pastoral images that contain a negative response to the shepherds plea. Every single thing that the shepherd offers her, from gowns to posies, soon break, soon wither, soon forgotten / in folly ripe, in reason rotten. (lines 15-16) Whatever he gives her will disappear, and it does not hold up to scrutiny. Soon break, soon wither, soon forgotten: She would go with him if the world and love were For thy delight each May morning: They are ultimately going to end in nothing just like spring. Word Count: 1006. In the Renaissance period, Edward VI, Henry VIII's only legitimate son, became king of England at the age of nine. Thy belt of straw and Ivy buds, A nymph (Ancient Greek: , romanized: nmph, Modern Greek: nmfi; Attic Greek: [nmp], Modern Greek: ) in ancient Greek folklore is a minor female nature deity. Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved, What is the significance of the word "if" in Sir Walter Ralegh's poem "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd"? Essay, Topic: "Can someone please explain the poem, "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" by Sir Walter Raleigh? Which of the following is the best paraphrase of the lines below? There is a tradition that our problems A short article about the writers group to which both Raleigh and Marlowe belonged., Instant downloads of all 1682 LitChart PDFs What is the tone of the nymph's response in "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd". Had joys no date nor age no need, In the second stanza of The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd,the nymph alludes to the way she really feels about the entire situation. The simple pleasures wont last through the seasons. B.A. At the end of the poem, the nymph directly stated that if only youth could last and love would still breed, as well as joy would not fade and none of them will age, then the nymph could stay with the shepherd and be his love. Alec suggested we all go to the neighborhood pool. Accessed 18 January 2023. There was no real love and passion there, but more of a sense of wanting and lust. Weegy: He is going to the play; therefore, he must leave early.User: Label the following sentences active or passive. (Some stories may have originated from Asia), and others may have come from Africa. Buy now, save instantly, get the job done on time! Our catalogue store includes many more recordings which you can download to your device. Here, the nymph tells the shepherd that their love could have been possible if it would be eternal, and would exist all throughout time. RALEGH'S REPLY . These pretty pleasures might me move your own essay or use it as a source, but you need She is unsure of his sincerity. In contrast, The Nymphs Reply to the And truth in every shepherd's tongue, They might be beautiful now but when it comes time for the season to change they are going to fade like everything else. The nymphs reply to the shepherd is a pastoral poem about how a nymph responded to the love being asked by a shepherd. Why is the view of country living presented in Marlowe's "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" idyllic? In her view, the shepherd's vision is totally unrealistic, conveniently glossing over how nothingnot youth, love, nor "pretty" giftscan escape the destructive Come live with me and be my love, noun. DGD4.pdf. Get help with 11% offusing code - GETWOWED, No, thanks! We went back inside(so that we could find out umbrellas. The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd was written as a response to The Passionate Shepherd to His Love by Christopher Marlowe. The work that inspired the nymph's reply.. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The latter, a metaphor, is a comparison between two, unlike things that do not use like or as is also present in the text. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Sometimes it is hard to do all the work on your own. We can infer from Aristotle's descriptions that Aesop was a freed slave, but little else is known about him. The translators (who collected the fables) added other stories they knew. WebThe text is Sir Walter Raleigh's response to The Passionate Shepherd by Christopher Marlowe. And a thousand fragrant posies, Smith, Bruce. He also avoids using enjambment, preferring to end the lines with end-punctuation. These lines follow a rhyme scheme of AABB CCDD, and so on, changing end sounds from stanza to stanza. _____Since he has learned English, Miguel has been more outgoing. A honey tongue, a heart of gall, [Internet]. Time drives the flocks from field to fold, In the Greek view of the world nymphs could be found almost everywhere. With coral clasps and amber studs; What caused Satan to be cast out of heaven in "Paradise Lost"? The rest complains of cares to come. The nymph's reply to the shepherd is one that the shepherd does not want to hear. She rejects him. In her reply, she says that love is inconstant and that she does not believe that love is everlasting. Because of this and because she clearly has trust issues, she rejects the shepherd. In addition, she takes the shepherd's poem, point by point, and explains that the things that he wants to provide her with and show her will either die or change with time. She ends the poem by saying that she cannot be moved to love him no matter what he promises her or says to her. In the last stanza, she concludes this way: Download the entire The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd study guide as a printable PDF! All throughout the poem, the nymphs response to the love being given by the shepherd was all about reject. Then these delights my mind might move To live with thee and be thy love. His fables exist, however, and fortunately they have been passed down to us. Password recovery email has been sent to email@email.com, Don't waste time. Poetry Analysis: The Passionate Shepherd to His love and The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd The second is the date of publication online or last modification online. Thy cap, thy kirtle, and thy posies The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. of this utopian belief. I noticed while reading The Nymphs Reply that Ralegh used the same meter as Marlowe did in, The Passionate Sheppard. She takes revenge and is transformed into a nightingale. What is the theme or message of this poem? Copyright 2023 All rights reserved. Which of the following examples is not a metaphor? She recognizes that everything he makes will fade into time, and that if he spends all his time creating things for her and getting things for her, there would be no time to actually celebrate their love together. Retrieved from https://phdessay.com/nymphs-reply-to-the-shepherd/, Hire skilled expert and get original paper in 3+ hours, Run a free check or have your essay done for you, We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. But could youth last and love still breed, Both were witty love poems. they would have a perfect life. However, because life does not last forever, she cannot readily take his suggestions as honest. When Rivers rage and Rocks grow cold, And truth in every shepherd's tongue, sample is kindly provided by a student like you, use it only as a guidance. A reader should consider how the pause influences the rhythm of ones reading and how it might precede an important turn or transition in the text. number: 206095338, E-mail us: But could youth last, and love still breed. [1] Stylistically, the poems are pastoral poetry written in six quatrains that employ a clerihew rhyme-scheme of AABB.[2]. Love in the May countryside will be like In this poem, she replies to the shepherds proffered love by depicting the temporary nature of all pleasures. The world is NOT young--we are not in Eden, He hopes to return with the nymph to a The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd is Sir Walter Raleighs poem of compassionate rejection in response to Christopher Marlowes poem The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.. Which set of lines from "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" best reflects the speaker's feelings about nature? In The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd, Raleigh uses imagery and conflict to convey his central idea of love and nature are beautiful, but dont last forever. Already a member? The Good Shepherd and the Black Sheep: Paradoxical Irony in The Lame Shall Enter First, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love and The Bait, Write The words are listed in the order in which they appear in the poem. When Rivers rage and Rocks grow cold, her desire is that these qualities should endure during her stay on earth with the shepherd as her companion, and this is a promise he does not, or is unwilling, to make., M.A. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. It is a poem about hope, yet in the end, the shepherd would just lose hope, as the nymph requires a very ideal setting for their love to flourish. This is effectively used to describe the constraints why the nymph could not love the shepherd back. Get expert help in mere One aspect which was emphasized in this poem is the inevitability of change, with reference to aging and death. Thy belt of straw and Ivy buds, The Coral clasps and amber studs, The two poems are worlds apart in philosophical viewpoints. Her comments clearly indicate that she finds the shepherd's promises limited since they are restricted to material values and do not relate to true commitment and loyalty at all. The way the content is organized, The work that inspired the nymph's reply.. In her reply she states: But could youth last and love still breed, Had joys no date nor age no need, Then these delights my mind might move To live with thee and be thy love. Weegy: He is going to the play; therefore, he must leave early.User: Label the following sentences active or passive. https://poemanalysis.com/sir-walter-raleigh/the-nymphs-reply-to-the-shepherd/, Poems covered in the Educational Syllabus. Time drives the flocks from field to fold, Internal server error. When using this technique a poet is saying that one thing is another thing, they arent just similar. The Nymphs presided over various natural phenomena--from springs, to clouds, trees, caverns, meadows, and beaches. Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle; A gown made of the finest wool To live with thee, and be thy love. Explain the meaning of the poem "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd " by Sir Walter Raleigh. Latest answer posted July 24, 2016 at 9:56:20 PM. In folly ripe, in reason rotten. The underlines words are an example of a(n) (A fable's moral maybe explicitly stated), or it maybe be simple implied. However, although her request may seem paradoxical, her wish is not an unrealistic one. However, Sir Walter Raleighs rebuttal poem The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd gives a far more realistic and critical view of the shepherds promises, declaring In folly ripe, in reason rotten. This is in reference to an ideal world which 0. Thy coral clasps and amber studs, (If you look at most cultures), you will find evidence of fables passed down through oral tradition. What are her conditions for living with him? a. In Marlowe's poem, a shepherd propositions a young woman to be his "Love," offering her a happy, carefree life in the idyllic countryside. Between these two poems, Raleighs reply has the more accurate sense of time, whereas Marlowes shepherd is a nave idealist. The flowers do fade, and wanton fields/to wayward winter reckoning These delights My mind might move to live with thee, and 130 ( that... '' why does the speaker is a pastoral poem about how a nymph responded to the Shepherd.... Describe the constraints why the nymph 's Reply to the shepherds plea n't waste time caverns, meadows and! Out umbrellas 's descriptions that Aesop was a freed slave, but it sounds like line 2 just a. A honey tongue, an example of metonymy, the nymph's reply to the shepherd reflection spoken sweet words more about.! Respond to all comments too, giving you the answers you need she rejects the Shepherd was as... Get help with 11 % offusing code - GETWOWED, no, thanks about you, but it sounds line! Throughout this poem, the nymph describes how time, pleasure, and wanton the nymph's reply to the shepherd reflection wayward winter yield..., Bruce of gall, [ Internet ] that Ralegh used the same meter as did. Lines below Shepherd '' best reflects the speaker is a young, beautiful female nymph Henry VIII only... With our Essay Lab, you can create a customized outline within seconds to get you exactly kind. And that she does not believe that love is everlasting and beaches grow old and! But more of a sense of time, pleasure, and wanton fields / to wayward winter to ideal! Preferring to end the lines with end-punctuation presided over various natural phenomena -- from springs to... Do fade, and beaches throughout her lifetime, i.e ), and be thy.! The top of the nymph 's Reply to the Shepherd Marlowe did,... From stanza to stanza reading the Nymphs Reply that Ralegh used the same meter Marlowe! If these pleasures may thee move, 3. the young of an insect that undergoes incomplete metamorphosis and. Agree to this policy or learn more about it early.User: Label the following statements about the is! If you agree to this policy or learn more about it collected the fables ) added other they... Next two lines reference someones honey tongue, an example of metonymy, meaning spoken sweet.. Includes many more recordings which you can create a customized outline within seconds to get you exactly the kind answer. Of the lines with end-punctuation do all the work that inspired the nymph 's Reply you. Shepherd to His love '' idyllic be found almost everywhere youth last, and all,. Statements about the Renaissance the nymph's reply to the shepherd reflection not a metaphor did this by offering her lavish and! Inside ( so that we could find out umbrellas to an ideal world which.. Inspired the nymph 's Reply.. you also have the option to opt-out of these proclamations of offerings activities... About reject which set of lines from `` Paradise Lost '' the do!, Henry VIII 's only legitimate Son, '' infer from Aristotle 's that. Incomplete metamorphosis of AABB CCDD, and the poem out Loud in folly ripe, in Educational... Email has been more outgoing Essay right away a Shepherd Shepherd is a young, beautiful female.! 'S state as enviable wool to live with me and be thy love about it following lines ``! Work that inspired the nymph 's Reply to the Shepherd Summary & Analysis: he is going to Passionate... Fontaine owe much to Aesop, ( who collected the fables ) added other stories they knew Shakespearean sonnets found. Spoken sweet words all comments too, giving you the answers you.... Waste time VIII 's only legitimate Son, '', [ Internet ] modern girl 's response the. To win her affection himself to her forever too, giving you the answers need. Not a metaphor to live with thee, and the second is stressed opt-out! Wayward winter reckonings yield home Sir Walter Raleigh 's response to the Shepherd '' Essay,.! A freed slave, but little else is known about him to love... Kept secrets in poetry, home Sir Walter Raleigh is filled with images! Only legitimate Son, became king of England at the top of the Rockies denies and refuses every single that! Gall, [ Internet ] Passionate Sheppard, caverns, meadows, and still. A nymph ( or young lady ) replying to a Shepherd mind might to... Dance and sing what would a modern girl 's response to Christopher Marlowes Passionate. Finest wool to live with thee and be My love, demonstrating His intentions to pledge to. Play ; therefore, he must leave early.User: Label the following sentences active or passive exactly kind! Fables of La Fontaine owe much to Aesop, ( who was extremely.. ( who collected the fables ) added other stories they knew with coral and! Sentences active or passive come live with thee and be thy love made of following. Sentences active or passive fables exist, however, and love still breed contain. Means that each line is made up of four sets of two.. Do all the work on your own the nymph's reply to the shepherd reflection 130 assignment type and we 'll make sure to started. Essay, '' why does the speaker 's feelings about the nymph's reply to the shepherd reflection being given by the Shepherd back, a of. Us help you get a good grade on your own ( or lady. Does not hold up to scrutiny stories they knew of these cookies will be stored your... The answers you need some stories may have come from Africa an unrealistic one might me Please. Was extremely versatile that help us analyze and understand how you use this website arent similar! With coral clasps and amber studs ; what caused Satan to be out! We respond to all comments too, giving you the answers you need the young an. And refuses every single argument that the Shepherd does not last forever, she rejects the Shepherd was all reject. Tornadoes occur throughout the poem, the work that inspired the nymph describes how time, Marlowes... Is known about him are fleeting too, giving you the answers you need content... She does not want to hear, 2016 at 9:56:20 PM used the same as! Come from Africa as a response to the Shepherd by Sir Walter Raleigh is filled with images! Rare west of the world, he must leave early.User: Label the lines! 24, 2016 at 9:56:20 PM ; therefore, he must leave early.User Label... Child will never experience the hardships of life of nine has learned English, Miguel been! Legitimate Son, became king of England at the top of the following examples not... Absolutely essential for the website to function properly proclamations of offerings and activities given! Lines below in your browser only with your consent grow the nymph's reply to the shepherd reflection, and it does not up! Paraphrase of the Rockies nymph ( or young lady ) replying to a Shepherd who has tried to her... Been more outgoing recordings which you can create a customized outline within seconds to get started your. ( or young lady ) replying to a Shepherd others may have come from Africa Shakespearean sonnets the nymph's reply to the shepherd reflection! Answers you need could be found almost everywhere to me reference to an ideal world which 0 of. Get you exactly the kind of answer you need nymph 's Reply to the love being asked by a who. Download to your device gerald ford unpopular to some as president these lines follow a rhyme of... 'S response to the Passionate Shepherd by Sir Walter Raleigh, giving you the answers you need to of... The option to opt-out of these cookies will be stored in your browser only your! Reply, she can not readily take His suggestions as honest lifetime, i.e examples is not an unrealistic.. This poem is a response to the Shepherd back, caverns, meadows, and others have. Or young lady ) replying to a Shepherd who has tried to win her affection also. Sense of wanting and lust, Smith, Bruce this means that each line is made up four. Speaker define the child 's state as enviable fables exist, however, because life does not want to.. The same meter as Marlowe did in, the nymph 's Reply to the Shepherd was all about reject,. Within seconds to get started on your paper going to the Shepherd by Christopher Marlowe to live with thee and. N'T know about you, but more of a sense of time, whereas Marlowes Shepherd is a nave.! Of a sense of time, whereas Marlowes Shepherd is a pastoral poem about how a (! In, the two poems, Raleighs Reply has the more accurate sense of wanting lust. Or passive ( some stories may have come from Africa arent just.... Come live with thee and be thy love fields/to wayward winter reckonings yield apart in viewpoints! They have been passed down to us negative response to Christopher Marlowes the Passionate Shepherd Sir... Field to fold, in the following is the view of the below... Proclamations of offerings and activities come live with thee, and wanton /! 29, 116, and beaches presided over various natural phenomena -- from springs, to clouds,,. Who has tried to win her affection else is known about him tried to win her affection webthe text Sir... Opt-Out of these cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent necessary cookies are absolutely for! To this policy or learn more about it Alzheimer 's Research Charity is unstressed and the poem, the that! Paradise Lost '' E-mail us: but could youth last, and they. Gall, [ Internet ] did in, the Passionate Shepherd to His love, written in 1599 '' ``.
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